Cultures intensives irriguées de bois et gazogènes, une association prometteuse

En Inde, on obtient des rendements de plantations très élevés grâce à l'irrigation : le premier débouché est le bois d' uvre, mais le bois peut être valorisé dans des gazogènes alimentant des systèmes d'énergie rurale économiquement viables

De l’effondrement de l’étalon-or au crépuscule des idoles dans « Les Faux-monnayeurs » d’André Gide

Der Artikel enthält Zusammenfassungen nur in Englisch und FranzösischIn André Gide’s Les Faux-monnayeurs, counterfeit money and characters flow in a plot based on a circulatory system in which they seem to be interchangeable. Ideas flow as well in the novel, creating a polyphonic intertextuality. Gide plays with his preferred authors, such as Nietzsche, whose claims are looked into in order to create a distance and question them. Such premises are held by cynical characters as well as the protagonist Bertrand, a positive nietzscheanist icon in his will to affirm himself and radically question upper class and religious values. The money counterfeit takes its roots in the collapse of the gold standard in 1914’s France. Gide depicts a world in which all values’ authenticity are shaken, the counterfeit money serving as a metonymy to question Nietzsche’s arguments, often in an ironical way. Nietzsche’s ideas flow from a character to the next and seem to be put to the test.Dans Les Faux-monnayeurs d’André Gide, les fausses pièces circulent, tout comme les personnages, au sein d’une intrigue/sys économie narrative reposant sur un système de circulation et d’échange, au point qu’ils semblent parfois interchangeables. Mais, les idées également circulent dans le roman, dans un jeu d’intertextualité polyphonique. Gide joue avec ses auteurs de prédilection, comme Nietzsche, dont il reprend certaines thèses pour mieux les mettre à distance et les questionner. On retrouve certains de ses postulats aussi bien dans la bouche des personnages cyniques que chez le « héros » Bernard, figure positive du nietzschéisme par sa volonté de s’affirmer et dans sa remise en question radicale des valeurs bourgeoises et religieuses. Le motif du trafic de la fausse monnaie renvoie à l’effondrement de l’étalon-or dans la France de 1914. Gide le relie à la peinture d’un monde où l’authenticité de toutes les valeurs est ébranlée. La fausse monnaie joue le rôle métonymique du questionnement par Gide de postulats de Nietzsche, souvent sur le mode ironique. Les idées de Nietzsche circulent dans d’un personnage à l’autre, et semblent mises à l’épreuve, comme on éprouverait l’authenticité d’une pièce

When will it end? Long-lived intracontinental reactivation in central Australia

The post-Mesoproterozoic tectonometamorphic history of the Musgrave Province, central Australia, has previously been solely attributed to intracontinental compressional deformation during the 580–520 Ma Petermann Orogeny. However, our new structurally controlled multi-mineral geochronology results, from two north-trending transects, indicate protracted reactivation of the Australian continental interior over ca. 715 million years. The earliest events are identified in the hinterland of the orogen along the western transect. The first tectonothermal event, at ca. 715 Ma, is indicated by 40Ar/39Ar muscovite and U–Pb titanite ages. Another previously unrecognised tectonometamorphic event is dated at ca. 630 Ma by U–Pb analyses of metamorphic zircon rims. This event was followed by continuous cooling and exhumation of the hinterland and core of the orogen along numerous faults, including the Woodroffe Thrust, from ca. 625 Ma to 565 Ma as indicated by muscovite, biotite, and hornblende 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages. We therefore propose that the Petermann Orogeny commenced as early as ca. 630 Ma. Along the eastern transect, 40Ar/39Ar muscovite and zircon (U–Th)/He data indicate exhumation of the foreland fold and thrust system to shallow crustal levels between ca. 550 Ma and 520 Ma, while the core of the orogen was undergoing exhumation to mid-crustal levels and cooling below 600–660 °C. Subsequent cooling to 150–220 °C of the core of the orogen occurred between ca. 480 Ma and 400 Ma (zircon [U–Th]/He data) during reactivation of the Woodroffe Thrust, coincident with the 450–300 Ma Alice Springs Orogeny. Exhumation of the footwall of the Woodroffe Thrust to shallow depths occurred at ca. 200 Ma. More recent tectonic activity is also evident as on the 21 May, 2016 (Sydney date), a magnitude 6.1 earthquake occurred, and the resolved focal mechanism indicates that compressive stress and exhumation along the Woodroffe Thrust is continuing to the present day. Overall, these results demonstrate repeated amagmatic reactivation of the continental interior of Australia for ca. 715 million years, including at least 600 million years of reactivation along the Woodroffe Thrust alone. Estimated cooling rates agree with previously reported rates and suggest slow cooling of 0.9–7.0 °C/Ma in the core of the Petermann Orogen between ca. 570 Ma and 400 Ma. The long-lived, amagmatic, intracontinental reactivation of central Australia is a remarkable example of stress transmission, strain localization and cratonization-hindering processes that highlights the complexity of Continental Tectonics with regards to the rigid-plate paradigm of Plate Tectonics

Sediment routing and basin evolution in Proterozoic to Mesozoic east Gondwana: A case study from southern Australia

Sedimentary rocks along the southern margin of Australia host an important record of the break-up history of east Gondwana, as well as fragments of a deeper geological history, which collectively help inform the geological evolution of a vast and largely underexplored region. New drilling through Cenozoic cover has allowed examination of the Cretaceous rift-related Madura Shelf sequence (Bight Basin), and identification of two new stratigraphic units beneath the shelf; the possibly Proterozoic Shanes Dam Conglomerate and the interpreted Palaeozoic southern Officer Basin unit, the Decoration Sandstone. Recognition of these new units indicates an earlier basinal history than previously known. Lithostratigraphy of the new drillcore has been integrated with that published from onshore and offshore cores to present isopach maps of sedimentary cover on the Madura Shelf. New palynological data demonstrate progression from more localised freshwater-brackish fluvio-lacustrine clastics in the early Cretaceous (Foraminisporis wonthaggiensis – Valanginian to Barremian) to widespread topography-blanketing, fully marine, glauconitic mudrocks in the mid Cretaceous (Endoceratium ludbrookiae – Albian). Geochronology and Hf-isotope geochemistry show detrital zircon populations from the Madura Shelf are comparable to those from the southern Officer Basin, as well as Cenozoic shoreline and palaeovalley sediments in the region. The detrital zircon population from the Shanes Dam Conglomerate is defined by a unimodal ~1400 Ma peak, which correlates with directly underlying crystalline basement of the Madura Province. Peak ages of ~1150 Ma and ~1650 Ma dominate the age spectra of all other samples, indicating a stable sediment reservoir through much of the Phanerozoic, with sediments largely sourced from the Albany-Fraser Orogen and Musgrave Province (directly and via multiple recycling events). The Madura Shelf detrital zircon population differs from published data for the Upper CretaceousCeduna Delta to the east, indicating significant differences in sediment provenance and routing between the Ceduna Sub-basin and central Bight Basin

Hong Kong : une population d’entrepreneurs dans un territoire à gouvernance d’entreprise (1945-1997)

Just after the Second World War, everything had to be rebuilt in Hong Kong. The return of those who had fled during the Japanese occupation and the wave of immigrants from mainland China had transformed the colony into a vast refugee camp. In 1997, at the end of British rule, its prosperity was on a par with most advanced countries. Its per capita Gross Domestic Product was beyond that of Great Britain. In other words, the colony had become more prosperous than the country which had governed it, a unique phenomenon in colonial history. This paper investigates two common factors put forward by most observers to explain this outstanding economic success: the government System and the entrepreneurial capabilities of the population. It shows that the entrepreneurial capabilities of the Hong Kong people were stimulated by the government system, a system based on a model of corporate governance.Au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Hong Kong est sinistré et l’afflux massif de réfugiés de Chine continentale qui fuient d’abord la guerre civile puis l’instauration d’un régime communiste transforme la colonie en un vaste bidonville. En 1997, au terme de la souveraineté britannique, le territoire, complètement métamorphosé, a rejoint le niveau de développement des pays les plus avancés. Son PIB par habitant est même supérieur à celui de la Grande-Bretagne, le pays en charge de sa tutelle, ce qui n’a pas de précédent dans l’histoire coloniale. Cet article examine deux des facteurs les plus communément mis en avant pour expliquer cette réussite exceptionnelle : le système de gouvernement et les qualités entrepreneuriales de la population. Il montre que le système de gouvernement procède d’un modèle dans lequel le monde des affaires et le monde chinois se retrouvent très bien et que l’esprit d’entreprise de la population a trouvé à s’exprimer pleinement dans un territoire à gouvernance d’entreprise

Le modèle de la firme-réseau : innovation ou réinvention anglo-saxonne ?

Since the early 1980s, the network company has become more widespread as it is considered the most appropriate organisational structure in a global economy. It is commonly agreed that this type of organisation is an Anglo-Saxon model. The aim of this article is to give some insights into this current opinion, through two complementary analyses: the first one investigates the link between the innovative boost in Anglo-Saxon countries and the creation of the network company model; the second one considers the role of traditional Chinese capitalism in the exceptional economic success of Hong Kong under British sovereignty

The significance of E–W structural trends for the Alice Springs Orogeny in the Charters Towers Province, North Queensland

E–W structural and igneous trends in the Charters Towers Province are highly anomalous within the overall N–S trending Tasman orogen of eastern Australia and resulted from a sequence of N–S shortening events. A succession of ~ E–W trending FIAs (Foliation Intersection/Inflexion Axis preserved within porphyroblasts) dated at 474.7 ± 7.2, 413 ± 13 and 381.1 ± 8.1 Ma correspond with adjacent granite crystallization ages and E–W trending FIA ages in the Greenvale Province to the NW. The magnetic anomaly map of Australia reveals that this E–W trending portion of the Tasman orogen links with and truncates several earlier formed orogens. The E–W trend of the Charters Towers Province resulted from overprinting of early Palaeozoic N–S trending structures in the Tasman Orogen by younger E–W ones during the Alice Springs Orogeny (450–300 Ma) resolving the E–W pluton shape and distribution of Cambrian to Devonian magmatic activity plus the truncational nature of aeromagnetic data from Central Australia to the East coast

The Paleozoic tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Charters Towers Province, North Queensland, Australia

The main objective of this thesis is to better understand the processes of growth and evolution of continental lithosphere using the example of the Charters Towers Province (North Queensland, Australia) part of the Tasman Orogenic System. This province contains E-W structural and pluton trends that differ in orientation from the N-S trends of the adjacent orogens of the Tasman Orogenic System. The long lasting and complex tectono-metamorphic history of this continental orogenic system is unraveled using a multidisciplinary approach that discriminates discrete events within a seemingly continuous evolution. This involves structural and microstructural investigations, the FIA (Foliation Inflexion/Intersection Axis preserved in porphyroblasts) measurement technique, monazite geochronology and the interpretation of geophysical imagery (aeromagnetic map and seismic section).\ud \ud The rocks sampled from the Seventy Mile Range Group and the Charters Towers Metamorphics (South Charters Towers Province) consist of lower amphibolite grade pelites containing cordierite +/- andalusite porphyroblasts, which are typical mineral assemblages for low pressure-high temperature terrains. Both porphyroblastic phases are retrogressed into partial to complete micas rich pseudomorphs associated with the appearance of retrograde chlorite. \ud \ud The first section of the thesis investigates the textural development of mica rich pseudomorphs after cordierite based on two examples: partial pseudomorphs from rocks near the Mooselookmeguntic pluton in western Maine (USA) and complete pseudomorphs from rocks near the Lolworth batholith in the southern Charters Towers Province (North Queensland, Australia). Both regions contain mica rich pseudomorphs after cordierite that show evidence of progressive textural development under an active stress regime. The complete pseudomorphs of the Charters Towers Province consist of preferentially aligned or "randomly oriented" fine grained muscovite, chlorite, ± biotite. The partial pseudomorphs from Maine consist of preferentially aligned coarser grained muscovite and biotite. The preferred orientation of micas is parallel to the orientation of the inclusion trails. The micas grew preferentially along microcracks that developed in the same direction with the inclusion trails and moved progressively from the porphyroblasts margin towards the porphyroblasts core. At least three types of microcracks can be identified with two of them being relevant for the replacement process. The first one formed by direct replacement of quartz inclusions by plagioclase and volume expansion and the second one was caused by high strain rates. A new image analysis based method was developed for mineral amount calculation that allows the production of mineral distribution maps within sections of metamorphic rocks from X-Ray elemental distribution maps. Combined with electron microprobe analyses of the minerals from the pseudomorphs and the surrounding matrix, it is interpreted that the maximum pressures experienced by the rocks from the Charters Towers Province were around 3 kbars and the maximum temperature did not exceed 600°C, most probably lying near the 550°C isotherm. Temperatures obtained via the Ti-in biotite thermometer may reflect retrograde conditions rather than peak conditions. This strongly chemical equilibration dependant thermometer indicates systematically higher temperatures for biotite from the matrix than from the pseudomorphs indicating that equilibration of biotites in the matrix occurred prior to pseudomorphism. This implies that the metamorphic reactions are localized to the volume occupied by the cordierite and the material exchange with the matrix is limited.\ud \ud The second section of the thesis investigates the anomalous E-W structural and igneous trends in the Charters Towers Province within the overall N-S trending Tasman Orogen. These resulted from a sequence of N-S shortening events. A succession of ~E-W trending FIAs (Foliation Intersection/Inflexion Axis preserved within porphyroblasts) dated at 474.7 ± 7.2, 413 ± 13 and 381.1 ± 8.1 Ma correspond with adjacent granite crystallization ages and E-W trending FIA ages in the Greenvale Province to the NW. The magnetic anomaly map of Australia reveals that this E-W trending portion of the Tasman orogen links with and truncates several earlier formed orogens. The E-W trend of the Charters Towers Province resulted from overprinting of the Tasman Orogen by the Alice Springs Orogeny resolving the E-W pluton shape and distribution of Cambrian to Devonian magmatic activity plus the truncational nature of aeromagnetic data from Central Australia to the East coast.\ud \ud In the third section of the thesis, strong non-coaxial deformation in the Seventy Mile Range Group in the south of the Charters Towers Province is revealed by the dominance of one inclusion trail asymmetry within porphyroblasts during successive FIA forming events. This asymmetry indicates top to the north thrusting and corresponds with south dipping thrusts on the seismic profile 07GA-GC01 through the Seventy Mile Range Group. Similar thrusts, all of which sole into the Moho, occur across the whole of the Charters Towers Province except where it has been intruded by the Ravenswood batholith. The competency of this coarse feldspar batholith caused partitioning of thrusting deformation around it and this is confirmed by the coaxial character of the inclusion trail geometries present within porphyroblasts within Charters Towers Metamorphics surrounded by the Ravenswood batholith. Long-lived non-coaxial deformation in the Seventy Mile Range Group eventually resulted in thrust sheets being emplaced well to the north of the batholith with a window through a schistose thrust sheet within the Argentine Metamorphics exposing Devonian sediments below. \ud \ud The last section of the thesis concludes that the tectonic evolution of the Charters Towers Province (northeastern Australia) in the Paleozoic resulted from the interaction between N-S and E-W bulk shortening. The origin of N-S shortening results from horizontal forces acting at the plate boundary that are possibly related to ridge-push effects due to the opening of the Paleotethys at ~450 Ma. This produced the ~450 to 300 Ma intracontinental E-W trending Alice Springs Orogen in central Australia whose effects propagated eastward to create the E-W trending Charters Towers Province. E-W shortening is interpreted to result from the long-lived west dipping subduction along the eastern margin of Australia, which was part of Gondwana at the time. FIA data reveals several discrete deformation events of interspersed ~N-S and ~E-W shortening directions. The FIA ages were obtained through in-situ monazite dating and show N-S shortening events at ~475 Ma and ~415 Ma, followed by ~E-W shortening at ~400 Ma and N-S shortening at ~380 Ma in the Charters Towers Province. The magnetic anomaly map of Australia, used to locate the lateral extensions of shear zones and domain boundaries hidden by overlying sedimentary successions, allowed the linking of deformation structures from central to northeastern Australia. Compressional orogenesis in the Charters Towers Province resulted in sinistral strike-slip extrusion of the Thomson Orogen to the east that was possibly associated with periods of slab roll-back

Le théâtre de Jean Vauthier au miroir de ses didascalies

Novateur, Jean Vauthier propose dans le cycle de Bada une mise en page spectaculaire de ses didascalies disposées en colonnes ou en paliers sur la page, comme une topographie chargée de figurer l’espace scénique. Essentielles pour indiquer aux acteurs le rythme du jeu, les indications scéniques portent l’enjeu profond de Capitaine Bada pour Vauthier : « un contrepoint entre la bouffonnerie et le lyrisme ». Les discordances de l’être, déchiré entre tentation du sublime et dérision, s’expriment par des discordances entre les propos et les mouvements des personnages. Souvent respectueuses du pacte didascalique visant à transformer le lisible en visible, ces didascalies sont cependant subversives à plus d’un titre. Vauthier y introduit en effet une polyphonie énonciative ironique ou poétique, souvent irreprésentable : elle opère une contamination des didascalies par le dialogue et un brouillage des voix du dramaturge, du didascale et des personnages. La fiction théâtrale semble alors accéder au statut de la vie, à l’image de Bada qui échappe au figement en circulant d’une œuvre à l’autre et va jusqu’à s’emparer non seulement des répliques des autres protagonistes mais aussi de la voix du didascale pour la faire sienne